%0 Journal Article %T Effects of Extended Underwater Sections on the Physiological and Biomechanical Parameters of Competitive Swimmers %+ Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) %+ Fédération Française de Natation (FFN) %+ Institut de recherche biomédicale et d’épidémiologie du sport (IRMES - URP_7329) %+ Universität Kassel [Kassel] %+ Hypoxie et Poumon : pneumopathologies fibrosantes, modulations ventilatoires et circulatoires (H&P - U1272 Inserm) %A Veiga, Santiago %A Pla, Robin %A Qiu, Xiao %A Boudet, David %A Guimard, Alexandre %< avec comité de lecture %@ 1664-042X %J Frontiers in Physiology %I Frontiers %V 13 %P 815766 %8 2022 %D 2022 %R 10.3389/fphys.2022.815766 %K apnea %K underwater undulatory swimming %K swimming start %K swimming turn %K breath-holding %K RPE %K elite swimmers %K dolphin kick %Z Humanities and Social Sciences/Sport/Sport physiology %Z Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] %Z Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph]Journal articles %X Despite changes in the underwater sections of swimming races affecting overall performance, there is no information about the effects of the apnea-induced changes on the physiological state of competitive swimmers. The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of changes in the underwater race sections on the physiological [blood lactate concentration, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)] and biomechanical (underwater time, distance, and velocity) parameters of competitive swimmers. Twelve youth competitive swimmers belonging to the national team (706 ± 28.9 FINA points) performed 2 × 75 m efforts under three different conditions, while maintaining a 200 m race pace: (1) free underwater sections, (2) kick number of condition 1 plus two kicks, and (3) maximum distance underwater. Overall performance was maintained, and underwater section durations increased from condition 1 to 3 as expected according to the experimental design. Heart rate and blood lactate concentration values did not show differences between conditions, but the RPE values were significantly greater ( F 2, 36 = 18.00, p = 0.001, η 2 : 0.50) for the constrained (conditions 2 and 3) vs. the free underwater condition. Underwater parameters were modified within the 75 m efforts (lap 1 to lap 3), but the magnitude of changes did not depend on the experimental condition (all lap × condition effects p > 0.05). Controlled increases of underwater sections in trained swimmers can led to optimizing performance in these race segments despite small increases of perceived discomfort. %G English %2 https://insep.hal.science//hal-03633768/document %2 https://insep.hal.science//hal-03633768/file/fphys-13-815766.pdf %L hal-03633768 %U https://insep.hal.science//hal-03633768 %~ SHS %~ UNIV-PARIS13 %~ INSEP %~ SORBONNE-PARIS-NORD %~ UNIV-PARIS %~ UNIVERSITE-PARIS %~ UP-SANTE %~ TEST3-HALCNRS